meta|Evidence - COVID-19
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bamlanivimab monotherapy (n=588) vs. placebo (n=587)
randomized controlled trial some concerns about risk of bias
Bamlanivimab
Single intravenous infusion of bamlanivimab 4200mg.
Placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
All participants were aged 18 years or older and had no known history of COVID-19. Participants provided both nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs (baseline samples) for detection of SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and blood samples for SARS-CoV-2 serology tests.
Double-blind.
74 facilities in the United States.
The evaluation period was 8 weeks, with follow-up to 24 weeks. Mild or worse disease severity included mild, moderate, severe, and critical disease severity and death due to COVID-19. The trial enrolled residents and staff at 74 skilled nursing and assisted living facilities in the United States (California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia). All 74 facilities had at least 1 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 index case.
EMA ends rolling review of the antibodies bamlanivimab and etesevimab for COVID-19 following withdrawal by Lilly. < Study carried out before the release of the omicron variant >
bromhexine (n=25) vs. control (n=25)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
Bromhexine hydrochloride
Bromhexine hydrochloride 8 mg 3 times per day starting from the day before the first contact with COVID-19 (first day of work in an infection department).
Control
Without any placebo/additional drug prescribed.
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
Participants over 18 years who were employed within the emergency departments where patients with confirmed/suspected COVID-19 were admitted, intensive care units, and clinical departments. All participants were obliged to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) as prescribed by WHO recommendations and local instructions. The PPE included respirators class FFP2 or FFP3, full skin covering, and protective eyeglasses.Participants were excluded if they had symptoms of respiratory infection within the last 2 months or a history of COVID-19, or a positive nasopharyngeal swab polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to SARS-CoV-2 before the day of randomization, a confirmed direct contact to a subject positive for SARS-CoV-2 within the last 14 days or had a positive serologic test (either IgM or IgG).
Open-label.
Single center,
Follow-up phone calls and e-mail surveys on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and at week 8, nasopharyngeal swab SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests performed every 7 days. COVID-19–related symptoms were assessed based on the U.S. Council for State and Territorial Epidemiologists Criteria for confirmed cases (positive nasopharyngeal swab PCR test), probable cases (the presence of cough, shortness of breath, or difficult breathing, or the presence of two or more symptoms of fever, chills, rigors, myalgia, headache, sore throat, and new olfactory and taste disorders), and possible cases (the presence of one or more compatible symptoms, which could include diarrhea).
CanSino (Convidecia) (n=147) vs. CoronaVac (SinoVac) (n=152)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
Ad-5 based vaccine (D2 or D3)
inactivated Coronavac vaccine (D2 or D3)
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
single-blind
1 center, China
CanSino (Convidecia) (n=382) vs. placebo (n=126)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
CanSino
1×10¹¹ or 5×10¹⁰ viral particles per mL - 1 injection
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double-blind
single centre in Wuhan, China
The secondary safety outcomes included the occurrence of adverse events from days 0 to 28 after vaccination, and serious adverse events reported up to 6 months
CanSino (Convidecia) (n=320) vs. placebo (n=110)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
low-dose vaccine, middle-dose, 2 doses
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double blind
1 center, China
casirivimab/imdevimab (Ronapreve) (n=753) vs. placebo (n=752)
randomized controlled trial some concerns about risk of bias
REGEN-COV (casirivimab 600mg plus imdevimab 600mg)
Single dose of REGEN-COV 1200 mg at day 1 via subcutaneous injection.
Placebo
Placebo at day 1 via subcutaneous injection.
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
Double-blind.
112 sites in the US, Romania and Moldova.
The trial consists of a 1-day screening/baseline period, a 28-day efficacy assessment period (EAP), and a 7-month follow-up period.
*Warning! The spread of new Sars-Cov2 variants is constantly evolving, this study was performed in a different viral context than today, its results should be interpreted accordingly.*
cilgavimab and tixagevimab (Evusheld) (n=3460) vs. placebo (n=1737)
randomized controlled trial low risk of bias
tixagevimab (AZD8895) and cilgavimab (AZD1061)
single dose (two consecutive intramuscular injections, one containing tixagevimab and the other containing cilgavimab) of 300 mg of AZD7442
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double-blind
87 sites in the US, UK, Spain, France and Belgium
*Warning! The spread of new Sars-Cov2 variants is constantly evolving, this study was performed in a different viral context than today, its results should be interpreted accordingly.* preliminary results reported in a press release https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2021/azd7442-prophylaxis-trial-met-primary-endpoint.html
Comirnaty (tozinameran - Pfizer/BIONTECH) (n=-9) vs. control (n=-9)
- risk of bias NA
mRNA BNT162b2
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
Comirnaty (tozinameran - Pfizer/BIONTECH) (n=21720) vs. placebo (n=21728)
randomized controlled trial some concerns about risk of bias
BNT162b2
two doses, 21 days apart, of BNT162b2 vaccine candidate (30 μg per dose)
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
Adults 16 years of age or older who were healthy or had stable chronic medical conditions, including but not limited to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, or hepatitis C virus infection. Key exclusion criteria included a medical history of Covid-19, treatment with immunosuppressive therapy, or diagnosis with an immunocompromising condition
double-blind
152 sites worldwide
phase1/2/3 study (seamless)
Comirnaty - first boost (n=5081) vs. Comirnaty (tozinameran - Pfizer/BIONTECH) (n=5044)
randomized controlled trial low risk of bias
BNT162b2 vaccine
third dose
placebo
participants had previously received 2 doses of Comirnaty
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
single-blind
123 sites in the United States, South Africa, and Brazil
During the interim analysis, the data monitoring committee recommended that participants be made aware of their trial-group assignments to allow those in the placebo group to receive a third vaccine dose. Data from participants who were made aware of trial-group assignments before the first interim analysis because of the regulatory decision were censored at the time of the unblinding of the trial group.
CoronaVac (SinoVac) (n=6195) vs. placebo (n=6201)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
CoronaVac
two doses of vaccine (3 μg in 0.5 mL) at day 0 and 14
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double-blind
16 centres, Brazil
very preliminary results from press release
CoronaVac (SinoVac) (n=752) vs. placebo (n=570)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
very preliminary results of a interim analysis
Covishield (Oxford/AZ formulation) (n=1200) vs. placebo (n=300)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
SII-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19
Two doses of vaccine at a dosing interval of 4 ( 2) weeks
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double-blind
14 hospitals across India
first booster dose (n=-9) vs. complete primary vaccine series (n=-9)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
30-µg booster dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine
The median time between second dose and administration of the booster dose or placebo was approximately 11 months.
Placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
Double-blind.
Data extracted from press realease: https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-announce-phase-3-trial-data-showing
heterologous prime-boost (n=450) vs. control (n=226)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
BNT162b2 (0·3 mL) via a single intramuscular injection
BNT162b2 (Comirnaty) administered as second dose in participants primed with ChAdOx1-S (Vaxzevria) 50-84 days before
continue observation
only one dose of ChAdOx1-S (Vaxzevria)
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
open-label
five university hospitals in Spain
hydroxychloroquine (n=414) vs. placebo (n=407)
randomized controlled trial low risk of bias
hydroxychloroquine
hydroxychloroquine (800 mg once, followed by 600 mg in 6 to 8 hours, then 600 mg daily for 4 additional days)
placebo
folate
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
adults who had household or occupational exposure to someone with confirmed Covid-19 at a distance of less than 6 ft for more than 10 minutes while wearing neither a face mask nor an eye shield (high-risk exposure) or while wearing a face mask but no eye shield (moderate-risk exposure)
double-blind
United States, Canada
prematurely stopped at the third interim analysis for futility
hydroxychloroquine (n=65) vs. placebo (n=65)
randomized controlled trial some concerns about risk of bias
Hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine 200mg per day for 60 days.
Placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
Healthcare workers (nurses, nursing aides, cleaning staff, orderlies, respiratory therapists and physicians) 18 years old or older, with high-risk exposure to SARS-Cov-2 as they were taking care of hospitalized patients with COVID19. At baseline, included subjects had to be asymptomatic with a negative PCR-RT SARS-CoV2 test. Subjects with previous SARS-CoV2 infection or actual consumers of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine (a 30 day wash out period was allowed) were excluded.
Double-blind.
Single center; National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER), Mexico.
In the register, PE was the rate of symptomatic COVID-19 infection. All subjects were asked to report their symptoms daily via an online survey, with reminders and links being sent with a popular phone application (WhatsApp) to the phone number provided in the baseline evaluation. Subjects were also encouraged to contact the research team directly in case of a probable COVID-19 or adverse event symptom. A new RT-PCR for SARS-COV-2 was performed if subjects presented with COVID19 symptoms.
Study failed to complete estimated sample size. Trial was suspended due to a drastic reduction of recruitment rythm and a lack of benefit of hydroxychloroquine reported from other trials.
hydroxychloroquine (n=407) vs. placebo (n=422)
randomized controlled trial low risk of bias
hydroxychloroquine
hydrochloroquine 400 mg orally daily for 3 days, then 200 mg orally daily for 11 days
placebo
ascorbic acid 500 mg orally daily for 3 days, then 250 mg orally daily for 11 days
prophylaxis
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
close contact defined as: household contact, medical staff who cared for the index case without personal protectionaccess to device and internet for telehealth visits are require
single blind
7 centres, USA
pharmacist was unblinded, but the participants, investigators, laboratory technicians, and study team members were blinded to participant allocation
hydroxychloroquine (n=683) vs. placebo (n=676)
randomized controlled trial some concerns about risk of bias
hydroxychloroquine
loading dose of HCQ 600 mg twice on Day 1 followed by 400 mg daily for 29 days
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double blind, randomized
34 clinical centers in the United States
Enrollment for the study was closed before full accrual due to difficulties recruiting additional participants
hydroxychloroquine (n=142) vs. placebo (n=127)
randomized controlled trial high risk of bias
hydroxychloroquine
400mg/d for the first 4 days and subsequently, 400mg weekly during the study period.
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double blind
3 hospitals centers, Barcelona
hydroxychloroquine (n=495) vs. placebo (n=494)
randomized controlled trial low risk of bias
hydroxychloroquine
hydroxychloroquine:loading dose of 400mg (two 200mg tablets) twice separated by 6-8 hours thereafter 400mg twice weekly for 12 weeks
placebo
placebo
3 arms : hydroxychloroquine 400mg weekly ; hyrdoxychloroquine 400mg twice weekly ; placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
persons working in emergency departments, persons working in intensive care units, persons performing aerosol generating procedures, first responders
double-blind, randomized
USA Canada
hydroxychloroquine (n=66) vs. placebo (n=66)
randomized controlled trial some concerns about risk of bias
hydroxychloroquine
600 mg once a day for 2 months
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double blind
2 tertiary urban hospitals,USA
early termination for futility
early termination for futility
hydroxychloroquine (n=65) vs. placebo (n=65)
- risk of bias NA
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine - 600 mg, daily
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double-blind
2 centers ; USA
After the second preplanned. The trial was terminated early for futility before reaching a plannedenrollment of 200 participants
hydroxychloroquine (n=154) vs. placebo (n=46)
randomized controlled trial high risk of bias
one to three received HCQ in various doses
placebo
Group 1 participants (n=48) were intervened with HCQ 400 mg twice a day on day 1 followed by 400 mg weekly. Group 2 (n=51) with HCQ 400 mg once every three weeks, Group 3 (n=55) with HCQ 200 mg once every three weeks
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double-blind
Pakistan
hydroxychloroquine (n=231) vs. placebo (n=223)
randomized controlled trial some concerns about risk of bias
Daily hydroxychloroquine for 12 weeks
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double blind
Spain, Bolivia, and Venezuela
2x2 factorial design but analyzed as 4 groups
hydroxychloroquine (n=1116) vs. standard of care (n=1198)
randomized controlled trial some concerns about risk of bias
hydroxychloroquine 800mg once, followed by 400mg daily for 6 days
standard of care
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
open-label
Catalonia, Spain
hydroxychloroquine (n=432) vs. vitamin C (n=619)
randomized controlled trial high risk of bias
42-day prophylaxis regimen of oral hydroxychloroquine (400 mg once, followed by 200 mg/day)
oral vitamin C, 500 mg/day.
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
open-label
Singapore
cluster randomisation
ivermectin (n=117) vs. control (n=117)
randomized controlled trial high risk of bias
Ivermectin / lota carrageenan
Ivermectin orally 2 drops of 6 mg = 12 mg every 7 days, and Iota-Carrageenan 6 sprays per day for 4 weeks
Control
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
open-label
1 center, Argentina
ivermectin (n=228) vs. standard of care (n=112)
randomized controlled trial high risk of bias
ivermectin
two doses 72 hours apart
standard of care
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
open label
1 center, Egypt
ivermectin (n=617) vs. vitamin C (n=619)
randomized controlled trial high risk of bias
oral ivermectin (12 mg once) 42 day
oral vitamin C, 500 mg/day
arm study: oral hydroxychloroquine (400 mg once, followed by 200 mg/day), oral ivermectin (12 mg once), povidone-iodine throat spray (3 times/day, 270 μg/day), oral zinc (80 mg/day)/vitamin C (500 mg/day) combination, or oral vitamin C, 500 mg/day
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
open label
Singapore
cluster trial
Janssen AD26 vaccine (JNJ-78436735) (n=100) vs. Comirnaty (tozinameran - Pfizer/BIONTECH) (n=101)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
Ad26COVS1 vaccine
homologous (mRNA) vaccine
mRNA (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) or vector (Ad26COVS1) as a third dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine after 2 doses of an mRNA vaccine
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
single-blinded
1 center, Austria
Janssen AD26 vaccine (JNJ-78436735) (n=-9) vs. placebo (n=-9)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
placebo
five arms: low dose followed by low dose, low dose followed by placebo, high dose followed by high dose, high dose followed by placebo, and placebo followed by placebo cohorts 1 and 3 were grouped together regardless of the dose received
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double-blind
12 centers in Belgium and the United States
Janssen AD26 vaccine (JNJ-78436735) (n=21895) vs. placebo (n=21888)
randomized controlled trial some concerns about risk of bias
Janssen Ad26.COV2.S vaccine single dose (5x1010 vp) intramuscular
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double blind
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, and the United States
nirmatrelvir / ritonavir (Paxlovid) (n=2634) vs. placebo (n=-9)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
Paxlovid for five days followed by placebo for 5 days or paxlovid for ten days
Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir
placebo
3 arms : Paxlovid for 5 days followed by placebo for 5 days or Paxlovid for 10 days or Placebo for 10 days
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double blind
Nuvaxovid (NVX-CoV2373) Novavax (n=-9) vs. placebo (n=-9)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
NVX-CoV2373
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double-blind
very preliminary unpublished results from a press release
Nuvaxovid (NVX-CoV2373) Novavax (n=108) vs. placebo (n=23)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
NVX-CoV2373
5-μg and 25-μg doses, with or without Matrix-M1 adjuvant
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double blind
9 sites in Australia and 8 sites in the United States
Phase 2
Nuvaxovid (NVX-CoV2373) Novavax (n=-9) vs. placebo (n=-9)
randomized controlled trial low risk of bias
NVX-CoV2373
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
observer-blinded
119 locations in the United States and Mexico
Efficacy endpoints were accrued from January 25 through April 30, 2021, a time when the Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant became the predominant strain in the U.S
Nuvaxovid (NVX-CoV2373) Novavax (n=2199) vs. placebo (n=2188)
randomized controlled trial some concerns about risk of bias
NVX-CoV2373 2 doses
two doses, administered 21 days apart, of NVX-CoV2373 nanoparticle vaccine(5 μg recombinant spike protein with 50 μg Matrix-M1 adjuvant)
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
B.1.351 (501Y.V2) variant was largely predominant during trial efficacy endpoint accrual
double-blind
South Africa
phase 2a/b
Sinopharm Beijing (BBIBP-CorV) (n=-9) vs. placebo (n=-9)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double-blind
China
phase 1/2
Sinopharm Wuhan (n=13765) vs. placebo (n=13765)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
prespecified interim analysis
Spikevax (Moderna mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine) (n=15181) vs. placebo (n=15170)
randomized controlled trial some concerns about risk of bias
mRNA-1273 vaccine
100 μg of mRNA-1273 two-dose schedule given one month apart
placebo
saline placebo two-dose schedule given one month apart
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double blind
100 centres, USA
Randomization was stratified based on age and the presence or absence of risk factors for severe illness for COVID-19
Spikevax (Moderna mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine) (n=189) vs. placebo (n=186)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
mRNA-1273 100µg
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double-blind
phase 2a
Sputnik V (Gam-COVID-Vac) (n=16501) vs. placebo (n=5476)
randomized controlled trial high risk of bias
Gam-COVID-Vac
(0·5 mL/dose) intramuscularly in a prime-boost regimen: a 21-day interval between the first dose (rAd26) and the second dose (rAd5), both vectors carrying the gene for the full-length SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein S
placebo
2 doses IM (day 0 and day 21 /-2)
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double blind
25 hospitals and polyclinics in Moscow, Russia
interim analysis without adjustment of type 1 error rate
interim results
Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca Oxford - ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) (n=-9) vs. Comirnaty (tozinameran - Pfizer/BIONTECH) (n=-9)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
eight groups receiving ChAd/ChAd, ChAd/BNT, BNT/BNT or BNT/ChAd, administered at 28- or 84-day intervals
8 arms
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
single-blind
UK
non-inferiority tria
Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca Oxford - ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) (n=5807) vs. control (n=5829)
randomized controlled trial some concerns about risk of bias
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine
ChAdOx1nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 10¹⁰ viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort)
meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline
interval between dose 1 and dose 2 ranged from 4 to 26 weeks
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
exclusion criteria: h history of anaphylaxis or angioedema; participants with severe and/or uncontrolled cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, liver, renal, endocrine/metabolic disease, and neurological illnesses; as well as those with immunosuppression
double blind
UK, Brazil, and South Africa.
pooled analysis of 4 studies done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa : ISRCTN89951424(COV003), NCT04400838 (COV002), NCT04324606 (COV001), and NCT04444674 (COV005).
Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca Oxford - ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) (n=12282) vs. control (n=11962)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccin
as a single-dose or two-dose regimen (28 days apart) at either the low dose ( 2·2 × 10¹⁰ virus particles) or the standard dose (3·5–6·5 × 10¹⁰ virus particles)
quadrivalent MenACWY protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine.
ten different groups
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
We recruited participants in an age-escalation manner. We recruited adults aged 18 –55 years, then adults aged 56–69 years, and then adults aged 70 years and older
single-blind
20 centres in the UK
Safety was assessed in all participants who received at least one dose
Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca Oxford - ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) (n=21583) vs. placebo (n=10796)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
AZD1222
two doses of 5 x1010 viral particles four weeks apart
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double-blind
88 sites in the United States, Chile and Peru
Unsolicited adverse events were recorded for all participants for 28 days after each dose
Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca Oxford - ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) (n=174) vs. placebo (n=-9)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) Days 1 and 29
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double-blind
5 centers, Japan
Unsolicited AEs were recorded for 28 days following each dose (Days 1–29 and Days 29–57
phase 1-2
Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca Oxford - ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) (n=-9) vs. placebo (n=10796)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
AZD1222
two doses of 5 x1010 viral particles four weeks apart
placebo
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
double-blind
88 sites in the United States, Chile and Peru
Unsolicited adverse events were recorded for all participants for 28 days after each dose
Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca Oxford - ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) (n=-9) vs. vaccines (n=-9)
randomized controlled trial risk of bias NA
D2 vaxzevria
all other D2 vaccines
6 arms : D1 Vaxzevria D2 Vaxzevria or Spikevax or NovavaxD1 Comirnaty D2 Comirnaty or Spikevax or Novavax
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
single-blind
UK multicentre
non-inferiority trial
vitamin C (n=73) vs. control (n=45)
randomized controlled trial some concerns about risk of bias
Quercetin, vitamin C, bromelain (QCB)
Supplementation containing 500mg of quercetin, 500mg of vitamin C and 50mg of bromelain (QCB) was initiated daily in 2 divided doses.
Control group
Control group without using supplements.
COVID-19 prophylaxis (excluding children)
Healthcare professionals (aged between 20-60 years) working in areas of high exposure and high risk of transmission of SARS-COV-2 (COVID areas, Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Emergency Department, Anesthesia Inpatient and Outpatient Clinics, Dialysis Units andhealthcare frontiers who perform all those aerosol-generating procedures), without history of COVID-19.
Open-label.
Single center, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
At the end of the follow-up period, COVID-19 rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) were used to detect COVID-19 IgG and M positivity in all cases.While computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan is being used for diagnosis of COVID-19, accurate diagnosis is established by reverse transcriptase chain reaction (RT- PCR).
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