noteworthy treatments
prophylactic treatment
anti-viral and associate therapy
vaccines
anti-inflammatory
immuno-modulators
adjuvant therapy
Top evidence (RCT only, high risk of bias excluded)
Best available evidence (possibly low or very low)
All RCTs
All studies (RCT+OBS)
death or transfer to ICU deaths deaths (time to event analysis only) clinical deterioration clinical improvement clinical improvement (14-day) clinical improvement (28-day) clinical improvement (7-day) clinical improvement (time to event analysis only) conversion to SARS-CoV- 2–positive status via NP swab death or ventilation hospital discharge hospitalization laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 new illness compatible with Covid-19 PCR-negative conversion PCR-negative conversion (14-day) PCR-negative conversion (7-day) PCR-negative conversion (time to event analysis only) radiologic improvement (14-day) radiologic improvement (7-day) ventilation ventilation (time to event analysis only) death (default) ICU admission off oxygenation time to recovery AE leading to drug discontinuation cardiac arrest serious adverse events superinfection abnormal ECG findings adverse events arrhythmia deep vein thrombosis elevated liver enzymes hyperbilirubinemia pulmonary embolism renal impairment ventricular arrhythmia
Network meta-analysis estimations pool direct and indirect evidences. These results should be considered as exploratory given the absence
of assessment of transitivity assumption plausibility. Calculations by netmeta package.
Interactive explorer of NMA results
5 RECOVERY dexamethasone, 2020
Metcovid, 2020
CODEX (Tomazini), 2020
REMAP-CAP, fixed 7-day course, 2020
REMAP-CAP, shock-dependent course, 2020 1 COALITION II (Furtado), 2020 5 CAP-China (Wang et al.), 2020
NIH NIAID ACTT-1, 2020
GS-US-540-5774, 10 days, 2020
GS-US-540-5774, 5 days, 2020
SOLIDARITY (remdesivir), 2020 1 ACTT-2 (Kalil), 2020 10 RECOVERY, 2020
Abd-Elsalam, 2020
TEACH, 2020
HYCOVID, 2020
HC-nCoV (Shanghai), 2020
Chen, 2020
NO COVID-19 (Lyngbakken), 2020
SOLIDARITY (WHO study) HCQ, 2020
Coalition Covid-19 Brazil I (Cavalcanti)-Hydroxychloroquine, 2020
ORCHID, 2020 1 Sekhavati, 2020 6 Li, 2015
Gharbharan et al., 2020
ConPlas-19, 2020
PlasmAr, 2020
Balcells, 2020
Libster, 2020 2 SOLIDARITY (interferon), 2020
Khamis, 2020 7 COVACTA (Rosas), 2020
CORIMUNO-19, 2020
BACC Bay Tocilizumab Trial, 2020
EMPACTA, 2020
REMAP-CAP tocilizumab, 2021
REMAP-CAP sarilumab, 2021
RCT-TCZ-COVID-19, 2021 3 Cao B, 2020
RECOVERY, 2020
SOLIDARITY (lopi/rito), 2020 2 Salehzadeh, 2020
GRECCO-19, 2020 2 Entrenas (Pilot Calcifediol), 2020
Murai, 2020 anti-interleukin-6 vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.35 [0.76; 2.41] 1.35 [0.76;2.41]anti-interleukin-6 vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.35 [0.76; 2.41] anti-interleukin-6 vs. colchicine
2.59 [0.37; 18.20] 2.59 [0.37;18.20]anti-interleukin-6 vs. colchicine
2.59 [0.37; 18.20] anti-interleukin-6 vs. control
0.80 [0.64; 1.00] 0.80 [0.64;1.00]anti-interleukin-6 vs. control
0.80 [0.64; 1.00] anti-interleukin-6 vs. convalescent plasma treatment
1.01 [0.59; 1.73] 1.01 [0.59;1.73]anti-interleukin-6 vs. convalescent plasma treatment
1.01 [0.59; 1.73] anti-interleukin-6 vs. corticosteroids
0.91 [0.71; 1.16] 0.91 [0.71;1.16]anti-interleukin-6 vs. corticosteroids
0.91 [0.71; 1.16] anti-interleukin-6 vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.75 [0.59; 0.96] 0.75 [0.59;0.96]anti-interleukin-6 vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.75 [0.59; 0.96] anti-interleukin-6 vs. interferon
0.69 [0.52; 0.93] 0.69 [0.52;0.93]anti-interleukin-6 vs. interferon
0.69 [0.52; 0.93] anti-interleukin-6 vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
0.79 [0.62; 1.02] 0.79 [0.62;1.02]anti-interleukin-6 vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
0.79 [0.62; 1.02] anti-interleukin-6 vs. remdesivir
0.88 [0.67; 1.15] 0.88 [0.67;1.15]anti-interleukin-6 vs. remdesivir
0.88 [0.67; 1.15] anti-interleukin-6 vs. Vitamin D
0.77 [0.27; 2.20] 0.77 [0.27;2.20]anti-interleukin-6 vs. Vitamin D
0.77 [0.27; 2.20] baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. anti-interleukin-6
0.74 [0.41; 1.32] 0.74 [0.41;1.32]baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. anti-interleukin-6
0.74 [0.41; 1.32] baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. colchicine
1.91 [0.26; 14.29] 1.91 [0.26;14.29]baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. colchicine
1.91 [0.26; 14.29] baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. control
0.59 [0.35; 1.01] 0.59 [0.35;1.01]baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. control
0.59 [0.35; 1.01] baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. convalescent plasma treatment
0.75 [0.36; 1.54] 0.75 [0.36;1.54]baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. convalescent plasma treatment
0.75 [0.36; 1.54] baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. corticosteroids
0.67 [0.39; 1.16] 0.67 [0.39;1.16]baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. corticosteroids
0.67 [0.39; 1.16] baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.56 [0.32; 0.96] 0.56 [0.32;0.96]baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.56 [0.32; 0.96] baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. interferon
0.51 [0.29; 0.90] 0.51 [0.29;0.90]baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. interferon
0.51 [0.29; 0.90] baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
0.59 [0.34; 1.01] 0.59 [0.34;1.01]baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
0.59 [0.34; 1.01] baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. remdesivir
0.65 [0.39; 1.09] 0.65 [0.39;1.09]baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. remdesivir
0.65 [0.39; 1.09] baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. Vitamin D
0.57 [0.18; 1.81] 0.57 [0.18;1.81]baricitinib plus remdesivir vs. Vitamin D
0.57 [0.18; 1.81] colchicine vs. anti-interleukin-6
0.39 [0.05; 2.72] 0.39 [0.05;2.72]colchicine vs. anti-interleukin-6
0.39 [0.05; 2.72] colchicine vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
0.52 [0.07; 3.90] 0.52 [0.07;3.90]colchicine vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
0.52 [0.07; 3.90] colchicine vs. control
0.31 [0.04; 2.15] 0.31 [0.04;2.15]colchicine vs. control
0.31 [0.04; 2.15] colchicine vs. convalescent plasma treatment
0.39 [0.05; 2.88] 0.39 [0.05;2.88]colchicine vs. convalescent plasma treatment
0.39 [0.05; 2.88] colchicine vs. corticosteroids
0.35 [0.05; 2.45] 0.35 [0.05;2.45]colchicine vs. corticosteroids
0.35 [0.05; 2.45] colchicine vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.29 [0.04; 2.03] 0.29 [0.04;2.03]colchicine vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.29 [0.04; 2.03] colchicine vs. interferon
0.27 [0.04; 1.88] 0.27 [0.04;1.88]colchicine vs. interferon
0.27 [0.04; 1.88] colchicine vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
0.31 [0.04; 2.13] 0.31 [0.04;2.13]colchicine vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
0.31 [0.04; 2.13] colchicine vs. remdesivir
0.34 [0.05; 2.37] 0.34 [0.05;2.37]colchicine vs. remdesivir
0.34 [0.05; 2.37] colchicine vs. Vitamin D
0.30 [0.03; 2.66] 0.30 [0.03;2.66]colchicine vs. Vitamin D
0.30 [0.03; 2.66] control vs. anti-interleukin-6
1.25 [1.00; 1.57] 1.25 [1.00;1.57]control vs. anti-interleukin-6
1.25 [1.00; 1.57] control vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.69 [0.99; 2.88] 1.69 [0.99;2.88]control vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.69 [0.99; 2.88] control vs. colchicine
3.23 [0.46; 22.43] 3.23 [0.46;22.43]control vs. colchicine
3.23 [0.46; 22.43] control vs. convalescent plasma treatment
1.26 [0.77; 2.06] 1.26 [0.77;2.06]control vs. convalescent plasma treatment
1.26 [0.77; 2.06] control vs. corticosteroids
1.14 [1.04; 1.24] 1.14 [1.04;1.24]control vs. corticosteroids
1.14 [1.04; 1.24] control vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.94 [0.85; 1.04] 0.94 [0.85;1.04]control vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.94 [0.85; 1.04] control vs. interferon
0.87 [0.72; 1.04] 0.87 [0.72;1.04]control vs. interferon
0.87 [0.72; 1.04] control vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
0.99 [0.89; 1.10] 0.99 [0.89;1.10]control vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
0.99 [0.89; 1.10] control vs. remdesivir
1.10 [0.95; 1.27] 1.10 [0.95;1.27]control vs. remdesivir
1.10 [0.95; 1.27] control vs. Vitamin D
0.96 [0.34; 2.68] 0.96 [0.34;2.68]control vs. Vitamin D
0.96 [0.34; 2.68] convalescent plasma treatment vs. anti-interleukin-6
0.99 [0.58; 1.70] 0.99 [0.58;1.70]convalescent plasma treatment vs. anti-interleukin-6
0.99 [0.58; 1.70] convalescent plasma treatment vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.34 [0.65; 2.76] 1.34 [0.65;2.76]convalescent plasma treatment vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.34 [0.65; 2.76] convalescent plasma treatment vs. colchicine
2.56 [0.35; 18.91] 2.56 [0.35;18.91]convalescent plasma treatment vs. colchicine
2.56 [0.35; 18.91] convalescent plasma treatment vs. control
0.79 [0.49; 1.29] 0.79 [0.49;1.29]convalescent plasma treatment vs. control
0.79 [0.49; 1.29] convalescent plasma treatment vs. corticosteroids
0.90 [0.55; 1.48] 0.90 [0.55;1.48]convalescent plasma treatment vs. corticosteroids
0.90 [0.55; 1.48] convalescent plasma treatment vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.75 [0.45; 1.23] 0.75 [0.45;1.23]convalescent plasma treatment vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.75 [0.45; 1.23] convalescent plasma treatment vs. interferon
0.69 [0.41; 1.16] 0.69 [0.41;1.16]convalescent plasma treatment vs. interferon
0.69 [0.41; 1.16] convalescent plasma treatment vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
0.78 [0.47; 1.29] 0.78 [0.47;1.29]convalescent plasma treatment vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
0.78 [0.47; 1.29] convalescent plasma treatment vs. remdesivir
0.87 [0.52; 1.45] 0.87 [0.52;1.45]convalescent plasma treatment vs. remdesivir
0.87 [0.52; 1.45] convalescent plasma treatment vs. Vitamin D
0.76 [0.24; 2.37] 0.76 [0.24;2.37]convalescent plasma treatment vs. Vitamin D
0.76 [0.24; 2.37] corticosteroids vs. anti-interleukin-6
1.10 [0.86; 1.40] 1.10 [0.86;1.40]corticosteroids vs. anti-interleukin-6
1.10 [0.86; 1.40] corticosteroids vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.49 [0.87; 2.55] 1.49 [0.87;2.55]corticosteroids vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.49 [0.87; 2.55] corticosteroids vs. colchicine
2.85 [0.41; 19.80] 2.85 [0.41;19.80]corticosteroids vs. colchicine
2.85 [0.41; 19.80] corticosteroids vs. control
0.88 [0.81; 0.96] 0.88 [0.81;0.96]corticosteroids vs. control
0.88 [0.81; 0.96] corticosteroids vs. convalescent plasma treatment
1.11 [0.67; 1.83] 1.11 [0.67;1.83]corticosteroids vs. convalescent plasma treatment
1.11 [0.67; 1.83] corticosteroids vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.83 [0.73; 0.94] 0.83 [0.73;0.94]corticosteroids vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.83 [0.73; 0.94] corticosteroids vs. interferon
0.76 [0.62; 0.94] 0.76 [0.62;0.94]corticosteroids vs. interferon
0.76 [0.62; 0.94] corticosteroids vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
0.87 [0.76; 1.00] 0.87 [0.76;1.00]corticosteroids vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
0.87 [0.76; 1.00] corticosteroids vs. remdesivir
0.97 [0.82; 1.14] 0.97 [0.82;1.14]corticosteroids vs. remdesivir
0.97 [0.82; 1.14] corticosteroids vs. Vitamin D
0.84 [0.30; 2.37] 0.84 [0.30;2.37]corticosteroids vs. Vitamin D
0.84 [0.30; 2.37] hydroxychloroquine vs. anti-interleukin-6
1.33 [1.04; 1.70] 1.33 [1.04;1.70]hydroxychloroquine vs. anti-interleukin-6
1.33 [1.04; 1.70] hydroxychloroquine vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.79 [1.04; 3.09] 1.79 [1.04;3.09]hydroxychloroquine vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.79 [1.04; 3.09] hydroxychloroquine vs. colchicine
3.43 [0.49; 23.91] 3.43 [0.49;23.91]hydroxychloroquine vs. colchicine
3.43 [0.49; 23.91] hydroxychloroquine vs. control
1.06 [0.96; 1.18] 1.06 [0.96;1.18]hydroxychloroquine vs. control
1.06 [0.96; 1.18] hydroxychloroquine vs. convalescent plasma treatment
1.34 [0.81; 2.21] 1.34 [0.81;2.21]hydroxychloroquine vs. convalescent plasma treatment
1.34 [0.81; 2.21] hydroxychloroquine vs. corticosteroids
1.21 [1.06; 1.37] 1.21 [1.06;1.37]hydroxychloroquine vs. corticosteroids
1.21 [1.06; 1.37] hydroxychloroquine vs. interferon
0.92 [0.75; 1.14] 0.92 [0.75;1.14]hydroxychloroquine vs. interferon
0.92 [0.75; 1.14] hydroxychloroquine vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
1.05 [0.90; 1.22] 1.05 [0.90;1.22]hydroxychloroquine vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
1.05 [0.90; 1.22] hydroxychloroquine vs. remdesivir
1.17 [0.98; 1.39] 1.17 [0.98;1.39]hydroxychloroquine vs. remdesivir
1.17 [0.98; 1.39] hydroxychloroquine vs. Vitamin D
1.02 [0.36; 2.86] 1.02 [0.36;2.86]hydroxychloroquine vs. Vitamin D
1.02 [0.36; 2.86] interferon vs. anti-interleukin-6
1.44 [1.08; 1.92] 1.44 [1.08;1.92]interferon vs. anti-interleukin-6
1.44 [1.08; 1.92] interferon vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.94 [1.11; 3.42] 1.94 [1.11;3.42]interferon vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.94 [1.11; 3.42] interferon vs. colchicine
3.72 [0.53; 26.07] 3.72 [0.53;26.07]interferon vs. colchicine
3.72 [0.53; 26.07] interferon vs. control
1.15 [0.96; 1.38] 1.15 [0.96;1.38]interferon vs. control
1.15 [0.96; 1.38] interferon vs. convalescent plasma treatment
1.45 [0.86; 2.45] 1.45 [0.86;2.45]interferon vs. convalescent plasma treatment
1.45 [0.86; 2.45] interferon vs. corticosteroids
1.31 [1.07; 1.60] 1.31 [1.07;1.60]interferon vs. corticosteroids
1.31 [1.07; 1.60] interferon vs. hydroxychloroquine
1.08 [0.88; 1.34] 1.08 [0.88;1.34]interferon vs. hydroxychloroquine
1.08 [0.88; 1.34] interferon vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
1.14 [0.92; 1.41] 1.14 [0.92;1.41]interferon vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
1.14 [0.92; 1.41] interferon vs. remdesivir
1.26 [1.00; 1.59] 1.26 [1.00;1.59]interferon vs. remdesivir
1.26 [1.00; 1.59] interferon vs. Vitamin D
1.10 [0.39; 3.13] 1.10 [0.39;3.13]interferon vs. Vitamin D
1.10 [0.39; 3.13] lopinavir/ritonavir vs. anti-interleukin-6
1.26 [0.98; 1.63] 1.26 [0.98;1.63]lopinavir/ritonavir vs. anti-interleukin-6
1.26 [0.98; 1.63] lopinavir/ritonavir vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.71 [0.99; 2.94] 1.71 [0.99;2.94]lopinavir/ritonavir vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.71 [0.99; 2.94] lopinavir/ritonavir vs. colchicine
3.27 [0.47; 22.79] 3.27 [0.47;22.79]lopinavir/ritonavir vs. colchicine
3.27 [0.47; 22.79] lopinavir/ritonavir vs. control
1.01 [0.91; 1.13] 1.01 [0.91;1.13]lopinavir/ritonavir vs. control
1.01 [0.91; 1.13] lopinavir/ritonavir vs. convalescent plasma treatment
1.28 [0.77; 2.11] 1.28 [0.77;2.11]lopinavir/ritonavir vs. convalescent plasma treatment
1.28 [0.77; 2.11] lopinavir/ritonavir vs. corticosteroids
1.15 [1.00; 1.32] 1.15 [1.00;1.32]lopinavir/ritonavir vs. corticosteroids
1.15 [1.00; 1.32] lopinavir/ritonavir vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.95 [0.82; 1.11] 0.95 [0.82;1.11]lopinavir/ritonavir vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.95 [0.82; 1.11] lopinavir/ritonavir vs. interferon
0.88 [0.71; 1.09] 0.88 [0.71;1.09]lopinavir/ritonavir vs. interferon
0.88 [0.71; 1.09] lopinavir/ritonavir vs. remdesivir
1.11 [0.93; 1.33] 1.11 [0.93;1.33]lopinavir/ritonavir vs. remdesivir
1.11 [0.93; 1.33] lopinavir/ritonavir vs. Vitamin D
0.97 [0.34; 2.73] 0.97 [0.34;2.73]lopinavir/ritonavir vs. Vitamin D
0.97 [0.34; 2.73] remdesivir vs. anti-interleukin-6
1.14 [0.87; 1.49] 1.14 [0.87;1.49]remdesivir vs. anti-interleukin-6
1.14 [0.87; 1.49] remdesivir vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.54 [0.92; 2.57] 1.54 [0.92;2.57]remdesivir vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.54 [0.92; 2.57] remdesivir vs. colchicine
2.94 [0.42; 20.56] 2.94 [0.42;20.56]remdesivir vs. colchicine
2.94 [0.42; 20.56] remdesivir vs. control
0.91 [0.79; 1.05] 0.91 [0.79;1.05]remdesivir vs. control
0.91 [0.79; 1.05] remdesivir vs. convalescent plasma treatment
1.15 [0.69; 1.92] 1.15 [0.69;1.92]remdesivir vs. convalescent plasma treatment
1.15 [0.69; 1.92] remdesivir vs. corticosteroids
1.04 [0.87; 1.22] 1.04 [0.87;1.22]remdesivir vs. corticosteroids
1.04 [0.87; 1.22] remdesivir vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.86 [0.72; 1.02] 0.86 [0.72;1.02]remdesivir vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.86 [0.72; 1.02] remdesivir vs. interferon
0.79 [0.63; 1.00] 0.79 [0.63;1.00]remdesivir vs. interferon
0.79 [0.63; 1.00] remdesivir vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
0.90 [0.75; 1.08] 0.90 [0.75;1.08]remdesivir vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
0.90 [0.75; 1.08] remdesivir vs. Vitamin D
0.87 [0.31; 2.47] 0.87 [0.31;2.47]remdesivir vs. Vitamin D
0.87 [0.31; 2.47] Vitamin D vs. anti-interleukin-6
1.31 [0.46; 3.75] 1.31 [0.46;3.75]Vitamin D vs. anti-interleukin-6
1.31 [0.46; 3.75] Vitamin D vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.76 [0.55; 5.63] 1.76 [0.55;5.63]Vitamin D vs. baricitinib plus remdesivir
1.76 [0.55; 5.63] Vitamin D vs. colchicine
3.38 [0.38; 30.33] 3.38 [0.38;30.33]Vitamin D vs. colchicine
3.38 [0.38; 30.33] Vitamin D vs. control
1.05 [0.37; 2.93] 1.05 [0.37;2.93]Vitamin D vs. control
1.05 [0.37; 2.93] Vitamin D vs. convalescent plasma treatment
1.32 [0.42; 4.13] 1.32 [0.42;4.13]Vitamin D vs. convalescent plasma treatment
1.32 [0.42; 4.13] Vitamin D vs. corticosteroids
1.19 [0.42; 3.34] 1.19 [0.42;3.34]Vitamin D vs. corticosteroids
1.19 [0.42; 3.34] Vitamin D vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.98 [0.35; 2.77] 0.98 [0.35;2.77]Vitamin D vs. hydroxychloroquine
0.98 [0.35; 2.77] Vitamin D vs. interferon
0.91 [0.32; 2.58] 0.91 [0.32;2.58]Vitamin D vs. interferon
0.91 [0.32; 2.58] Vitamin D vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
1.03 [0.37; 2.91] 1.03 [0.37;2.91]Vitamin D vs. lopinavir/ritonavir
1.03 [0.37; 2.91] Vitamin D vs. remdesivir
1.15 [0.41; 3.24] 1.15 [0.41;3.24]Vitamin D vs. remdesivir
1.15 [0.41; 3.24] corticosteroids remdesivir hydroxychloroquine convalescent plasma treatment interferon anti-interleukin-6 lopinavir/ritonavir colchicine Vitamin D baricitinib plus remdesivir control direct evidence network meta-analysis comet plot result box odds ratio A B 0.5 1.5 1.0 odds ratio for A vs. B and half 95% CI
Click on treatment name to display related network evidence