antiviral and associated therapy for COVID-19 - live meta-analysis of clinical studies

Study explorer (study characteristics and results) method abbreviations pdf xlsx

display ongoing studies
Study	Ref.	RCT OBS RCT + OBS	studied treatment	control treatment	patients	study risk of bias	sample sizes	Results
COVID 19 hospitalized meta-analysis
Abd-Elsalam, 2020 NCT04353336		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	97/97	inconclusive
ARCHAIC -hydroxychloroquine, 2020 NL8490		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	9/6	inconclusive
BRACE CORONA, 2020		RCT	discontinuation of ACEI/ARB	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	334/325	inconclusive
CCAP-1, 2020 NCT04345289		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	-/-	inconclusive
Chen, 2020 NCT04384380		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	21/12	inconclusive
Duke university HCQ, 2020 NCT04335552		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	4/2	no results	discontinued, found in Axfors et al. meta-analysis
Duke university HCQ-AZI, 2020 NCT04335552		RCT	hydroxychloroquine plus macrolides	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	-/-	inconclusive
Elgazzar - treatment, 2020		RCT	ivermectin	hydroxychloroquine	COVID 19 hospitalized	high	200/200	suggested	suggested 93 % decrease in deaths but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias
HAHPS, 2020 NCT04329832		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	azithromycin	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	42/43	inconclusive	inconclusive 7 % increase in clinical deterioration (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Hashim A, 2020 NCT04591600		RCT	ivermectin	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	70/70	inconclusive	inconclusive 52 % decrease in deaths (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Hashim A, 2020 NCT04591600		RCT	doxycycline	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	70/70	inconclusive	inconclusive 52 % decrease in deaths (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Huang, 2020 ChiCTR2000029542		RCT	chloroquine	lopinavir/ritonavir	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	10/12	inconclusive
HYCOVID, 2020 NCT04325893		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	placebo	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	124/123	inconclusive	inconclusive 12 % increase in death or ventilation (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
NO COVID-19 (Lyngbakken), 2020 NCT04316377		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	27/26	inconclusive
Nojomi, 2020 IRCT20180725040596N2		RCT	umifenovir (arbidol)	lopinavir/ritonavir	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	50/50	inconclusive
Nojomi, 2020 IRCT20180725040596N2		RCT	lopinavir/ritonavir	umifenovir (arbidol)	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	50/50	inconclusive
OAHU-COVID19, 2020 NCT04345692		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	10/6	inconclusive
ORCHID, 2020 NCT04332991		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	placebo	COVID 19 hospitalized	low	242/237	inconclusive	inconclusive 2 % increase in clinical improvement (PE) with a high degree of certainty due to low risk of bias
PROTECT B, 2020 NCT04338698		RCT	oseltamivir	oseltamivir	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	-/-	inconclusive
PROTECT B, 2020 NCT04338698		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	oseltamivir	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	-/-	inconclusive
RECOVERY, 2020 NCT04381936		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	1561/3155	safety concern	inconclusive 9 % increase in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias statistically significant 14 % increase in death or ventilation with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
RECOVERY, 2020 NCT04381936		RCT	lopinavir/ritonavir	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	1616/3424	inconclusive	inconclusive 3 % increase in deaths (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias the trial Steering Committee concluded that there is no beneficial effect of lopinavir-ritonavir in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 and closed randomisation to that treatment arm
RECOVERY-AZI (Horby), 2020 NCT04381936		RCT	azithromycin	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	2582/5182	inconclusive	inconclusive 0 % increase in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias Preliminary findings based on a data cut on 30 November. Final results will be made available after the last patient has completed the 28-day follow-up period for the primary outcome on 25 December 2020
REPLACE, 2020 NCT04338009		RCT	Renin-angiotensin-system-acting agents	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	77/75	inconclusive
Sekhavati, 2020		RCT	lopinavir/ritonavir	lopinavir/ritonavir	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	56/55	inconclusive	inconclusive 51 % decrease in deaths (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Sekhavati, 2020		RCT	lopinavir/ritonavir	hydroxychloroquine	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	56/55	inconclusive	inconclusive 51 % decrease in deaths (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Sekhavati, 2020		RCT	azithromycin	lopinavir/ritonavir	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	56/55	inconclusive	inconclusive 51 % decrease in deaths (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Sekhavati, 2020		RCT	azithromycin	hydroxychloroquine	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	56/55	inconclusive	inconclusive 51 % decrease in deaths (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Sekhavati, 2020		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	lopinavir/ritonavir	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	56/55	inconclusive	inconclusive 51 % decrease in deaths (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Sekhavati, 2020		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	hydroxychloroquine	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	56/55	inconclusive	inconclusive 51 % decrease in deaths (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
SOLIDARITY (lopi/rito), 2020 NCT04315948		RCT	lopinavir/ritonavir	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	1399/1372	inconclusive	inconclusive 0 % increase in deaths (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
SOLIDARITY (remdesivir), 2020 NCT04315948		RCT	remdesivir	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	2750/4088	inconclusive	inconclusive 5 % decrease in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
SOLIDARITY (WHO study) HCQ, 2020 NCT04315948		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	947/906	inconclusive	inconclusive 19 % increase in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Tang, 2020 ChiCTR2000029868		RCT	chloroquine and derivatives	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	high	75/75	inconclusive
Tang, 2020 ChiCTR2000029868		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	high	75/75	safety concern	statistically significant 3.5-fold increase in adverse events but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias
TEACH, 2020 NCT04369742		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	placebo	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	67/61	inconclusive	inconclusive 80 % increase in clinical deterioration (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias inconclusive 16 % increase in adverse events (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Rodriguez-Molinero, 2020		OBS	azithromycin		COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	-/-	ongoing	Our study did not find a benefit associated with the use of azithromycin in terms of respiratory function (SAFI)
Rodriguez-Molinero, 2020		OBS	azithromycin	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	-/-	inconclusive	Our study did not find a benefit associated with the use of azithromycin in terms of respiratory function (SAFI)
Arshad (HCQ AZ), 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine plus macrolides	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	783/409	suggested	suggested 71 % decrease in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only) but with a very low degree of certainty due to critical risk of bias
Arshad (HCQ), 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	1202/409	suggested	suggested 66 % decrease in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only) but with a very low degree of certainty due to critical risk of bias
Belgian Collaborative Group on COVID-19, 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	serious	4542/3533	suggested	suggested 32 % decrease in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only) but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias
Chen, 2020		OBS	lopinavir/ritonavir	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	163/121	inconclusive
Chen, 2020		OBS	umifenovir (arbidol)	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	163/121	inconclusive
Chen, 2020		OBS	oseltamivir	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	163/121	inconclusive
Chen, 2020		OBS	chloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	163/121	inconclusive
Chen, 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	163/121	safety concern	statistically significant 51 % decrease in clinical improvement,clinical improvement (time to event analysis only) but with a very low degree of certainty due to critical risk of bias
Davido, 2020 NCT04453501		OBS	hydroxychloroquine plus macrolides	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	52/40	suggested	suggested 55 % decrease in death or transfer to ICU but with a very low degree of certainty due to critical risk of bias
Geleris, 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	serious	811/565	inconclusive
Huang, 2020		OBS	chloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	197/176	suggested	suggested 5.1-fold increase in PCR-negative conversion (14-day) but with a very low degree of certainty due to critical risk of bias
ICON, 2020		OBS	ivermectin	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	173/107	suggested	suggested 53 % decrease in deaths (PE)
Lagier, 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine plus macrolides	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	3119/618	suggested	suggested 51 % decrease in deaths but with a very low degree of certainty due to critical risk of bias suggested 70 % decrease in clinical deterioration but with a very low degree of certainty due to critical risk of bias suggested 62 % decrease in hospitalization but with a very low degree of certainty due to critical risk of bias
Magagnoli (HC), 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	serious	97/158	safety concern	safety concern with statistically significant 1.6-fold increase in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only)
Novales, 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	123/43	suggested	suggested 93 % decrease in deaths but with a very low degree of certainty due to critical risk of bias
Paccoud, 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	serious	38/46	inconclusive
Rosenberg, 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine plus macrolides	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	serious	-/-	safety concern	safety concern with statistically significant 1.1-fold increase in cardiac arrest statistically significant 1.2-fold increase in arrhythmia but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias
Rosenberg, 2020		OBS	azithromycin	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	serious	-/-	inconclusive
Rosenberg, 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	serious	-/-	safety concern	safety concern with 91 % increase in cardiac arrest (not statistically significant)
Sbidian (HCQ alone), 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	623/3792	safety concern	statistically significant 25 % increase in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only) but with a very low degree of certainty due to critical risk of bias
Sbidian (HCQ plus AZI), 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine plus macrolides	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	227/3792	inconclusive
Singh, 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine plus macrolides	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	-/-	inconclusive
Singh, 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	-/-	inconclusive
COVID 19 all comers meta-analysis
Chang Chen et al., 2020 ChiCTR2000030254		RCT	favipiravir	umifenovir (arbidol)	COVID 19 all comers	some concern	120/120	inconclusive
ChiCTR2000030054-HCQ (Chen), 2020 ChiCTR2000030054		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 all comers	high	18/12	inconclusive
ELACOI (Standard of care), 2020 NCT04252885		RCT	umifenovir (arbidol)	standard of care	COVID 19 all comers	some concern	16/7	inconclusive
jRCTs041190120, 2020 jRCTs041190120		RCT	favipiravir	favipiravir	COVID 19 all comers	high	44/45	inconclusive	inconclusive 42 % increase in PCR-negative conversion,PCR-negative conversion (time to event analysis only) (PE) but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias
Lou Y, 2020 ChiCTR2000029544		RCT	baloxavir marboxil	standard of care	COVID 19 all comers	some concern	10/10	inconclusive	inconclusive 88 % decrease in PCR-negative conversion (14-day) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Lou Y - FAVIPIRAVIR, 2020 ChiCTR2000029544		RCT	favipiravir	standard of care	COVID 19 all comers	some concern	10/10	inconclusive	inconclusive 82 % decrease in PCR-negative conversion,PCR-negative conversion (14-day) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
NCT04310228-FAVI (Zhao), 2020 ChiCTR2000030894		RCT	favipiravir	tocilizumab	COVID 19 all comers	some concern	-/-	inconclusive	inconclusive 68 % decrease in clinical improvement,clinical improvement (14-day),clinical improvement (time to event analysis only) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
NIH NIAID ACTT-1, 2020 NCT04280705		RCT	remdesivir	placebo	COVID 19 all comers	some concern	538/521	suggested	suggested 32 % increase in clinical improvement (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Calik, 2020		OBS	favipiravir	hydroxychloroquine	COVID 19 all comers	critical	-/-	no results
Li, 2020		OBS	Renin-angiotensin-system-acting agents	control	COVID 19 all comers	critical	-/-	inconclusive
Magagnoli (HC AZ), 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine plus macrolides	control	COVID 19 all comers	serious	113/158	inconclusive
Meng, 2020		OBS	Renin-angiotensin-system-acting agents	control	COVID 19 all comers	critical	17/25	inconclusive
Yang, 2020		OBS	Renin-angiotensin-system-acting agents	control	COVID 19 all comers	serious	43/83	inconclusive
Zhang, 2020		OBS	Renin-angiotensin-system-acting agents	control	COVID 19 all comers	serious	188/940	suggested	suggested 63 % decrease in deaths but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias
Bean, 2020		OBS	Renin-angiotensin-system-acting agents	control	COVID 19 all comers	serious	37/168	suggested	suggested 71 % decrease in death or transfer to ICU but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias
Yan et al., 2020		OBS	angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)	control	COVID 19 all comers	critical	-/-	inconclusive
Yan et al., 2020		OBS	angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)	control	COVID 19 all comers	critical	-/-	inconclusive
Cai -FAVIPIRAVIR, 2020 ChiCTR2000029600		NRa	favipiravir	lopinavir/ritonavir	COVID 19 all comers	NA	35/45	suggested	suggested 5.5-fold increase in clinical improvement,clinical improvement (14-day)
Cai -FAVIPIRAVIR, 2020 ChiCTR2000029600		NRa	favipiravir	interferon	COVID 19 all comers	NA	35/45	suggested	suggested 5.5-fold increase in clinical improvement,clinical improvement (14-day)
Gautret et al., 2020		NRa	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 all comers	serious	20/16	suggested	suggested 15.3-fold increase in PCR-negative conversion (PE) but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias a viral load reduction/disappearance is claimed but the numerous methological limits preclude any strong conclusion
COVID-19 mild to moderate meta-analysis
Ahmed, 2020		RCT	ivermectin	placebo	COVID-19 mild to moderate	high	48/24	suggested	suggested 3.1-fold increase in PCR-negative conversion (time to event analysis only),PCR-negative conversion (14-day) (PE) but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias Paradoxically comparison of day 7 and 14 virological clearance between ivermectin doxycycline group vs placebo was not statistically significant (HR 2.3[0.6-9.0] and 1.7[0.8-4.0])
AVIFAVIR, 2020 NCT04434248		RCT	favipiravir	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized, COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	20/20	suggested	suggested 2.9-fold increase in PCR-negative conversion,PCR-negative conversion (7-day) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias Adverse drug reactions to AVIFAVIR were reported in 7/40 (17.5%) patients, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, chest pain and an increase in liver transaminase levels. The adverse drug reactions were mild to moderate and caused early discontinuation of the study drug in 2/40 (5.0%) patients.
Chaccour, 2020 NCT04390022		RCT	ivermectin	placebo	COVID 19 outpatients, COVID-19 mild to moderate	low	12/12	inconclusive	inconclusive 8 % decrease in PCR-negative conversion,PCR-negative conversion (7-day) (PE) with a high degree of certainty due to low risk of bias
Chachar, 2020		RCT	ivermectin	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	25/25	inconclusive	inconclusive 19 % increase in clinical improvement,clinical improvement (7-day) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Coalition Covid-19 Brazil I (Cavalcanti) - HCQ AZI, 2020 NCT04322123		RCT	hydroxychloroquine plus macrolides	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	217/227	safety concern	inconclusive 1 % decrease in clinical deterioration (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias statistically significant 8.8-fold increase in long QT with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Coalition Covid-19 Brazil I (Cavalcanti)-Hydroxychloroquine, 2020 NCT04322123		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	221/227	safety concern	statistically significant 74 % increase in adverse events with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Dabbous HM, 2020 NCT04349241		RCT	favipiravir	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	50/50	inconclusive
ELACOI (lopinavir/ritonavir), 2020 NCT04252885		RCT	lopinavir/ritonavir	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	21/7	inconclusive
ELACOI (Lopinavir/ritonavir), 2020 NCT04252885		RCT	umifenovir (arbidol)	lopinavir/ritonavir	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	35/34	inconclusive	inconclusive 84 % increase in PCR-negative conversion (14-day) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias inconclusive 8 % increase in PCR-negative conversion (7-day) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
GS-US-540-5774, 10 days, 2020 NCT04292730		RCT	remdesivir	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	197/200	suggested	suggested 58 % increase in clinical improvement (14-day) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias suggested 88 % increase in clinical improvement (28-day) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias the primary endpoint was not meet, no odds ratio is reported because theproportional odds assumption was not met
GS-US-540-5774, 5 days, 2020 NCT04292730		RCT	remdesivir	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	199/200	conclusif	demonstrated 65 % increase in clinical improvement (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias suggested 53 % increase in clinical improvement (7-day) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
HC-nCoV (Shanghai), 2020 NCT04261517		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	15/15	inconclusive
Hung et al., 2020 NCT04276688		RCT	lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin and interferon beta-1b	lopinavir/ritonavir	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	86/41	conclusif	demonstrated 3.4-fold increase in PCR-negative conversion,PCR-negative conversion (time to event analysis only) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias suggested 2.9-fold increase in clinical improvement,clinical improvement (time to event analysis only) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Khamis, 2020		RCT	favipiravir	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	44/45	inconclusive
Krolewiecki, A, 2020 NCT04381884		RCT	ivermectin	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	30/15	inconclusive	Viral load reduction between baseline and day-5 was also similar between groups
NCT04333654, 2020 NCT04333654		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	NA	-/-	inconclusive
NCT04342650, 2020 NCT04342650		RCT	chloroquine	placebo	COVID-19 mild to moderate	NA	-/-	inconclusive
NCT04523831 (Mahmud), 2020 NCT04523831		RCT	ivermectin	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	high	200/200	safety concern	suggested 89 % increase in clinical improvement,clinical improvement (time to event analysis only) (PE) but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias suggested 93 % increase in clinical improvement (7-day) (PE) but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias suggested 56 % decrease in clinical deterioration but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias statistically significant 17.6-fold increase in adverse events but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias results from clinicaltrial.gov
NCT04523831 (Mahmud), 2020 NCT04523831		RCT	doxycycline	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	high	200/200	safety concern	suggested 89 % increase in clinical improvement,clinical improvement (time to event analysis only) (PE) but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias suggested 93 % increase in clinical improvement (7-day) (PE) but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias suggested 56 % decrease in clinical deterioration but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias statistically significant 17.6-fold increase in adverse events but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias results from clinicaltrial.gov
NCT04542694, 2020 NCT04542694		RCT	favipiravir	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	100/100	suggested	suggested 12.0-fold increase in PCR-negative conversion with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Ren, 2020 ChiCTR2000029853		RCT	azvudine	antiviral and associated therapy	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	10/10	suggested	suggested 27.5-fold increase in PCR-negative conversion (7-day) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Ruzhentsova T, 2020 NCT04501783		RCT	favipiravir	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	112/56	suggested	suggested 63 % increase in clinical improvement,clinical improvement (time to event analysis only) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias inconclusive 28 % increase in PCR-negative conversion,PCR-negative conversion (time to event analysis only) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias suggested 28 % increase in clinical improvement (14-day) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias suggested 50 % increase in clinical improvement (7-day) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Udwadia ZF, 2020 CTRI/2020/05/025114		RCT	favipiravir	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized, COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	75/75	safety concern	inconclusive 37 % increase in PCR-negative conversion,PCR-negative conversion (time to event analysis only) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias suggested 75 % increase in clinical improvement,clinical improvement (time to event analysis only),clinical improvement (28-day) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias suggested 94 % decrease in ventilation (time to event analysis only),ventilation with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias statistically significant 5.4-fold increase in adverse events with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Zhaowei Chen, 2020 ChiCTR2000029559		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID-19 mild to moderate	high	31/31	inconclusive
Zhaowei Chen, 2020 ChiCTR2000029559		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	high	31/31	suggested	suggested 2.4-fold increase in clinical improvement but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias suggested 2.4-fold increase in radiologic improvement (7-day) but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias
Glorial F, 2020 NCT04343092		OBS	ivermectin	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	NA	6/71	inconclusive	inconclusive 10 % decrease in clinical improvement (PE)
Soto-Becerra, 2020		OBS	ivermectin	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized, COVID-19 mild to moderate	moderate	203/2630	safety concern	inconclusive 39 % increase in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias statistically significant 58 % increase in death or transfer to ICU with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias Our study reported no beneficial effects of hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, azithromycin. The HCQ AZIT treatment seems to increase risk for all-cause death
Khan, 2020		OBS	ivermectin	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized, COVID-19 mild to moderate	NA	115/133	suggested	suggested 88 % decrease in deaths suggested 7.3-fold increase in clinical improvement suggested 88 % decrease in ventilation
Min, 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID-19 mild to moderate	NA	20/20	inconclusive
Espitia-Hernandez, 2020		NRa	azithromycin	standard of care	COVID 19 outpatients, COVID-19 mild to moderate	NA	28/7	suggested	suggested 714.0-fold increase in PCR-negative conversion
Espitia-Hernandez, 2020		NRa	ivermectin	standard of care	COVID 19 outpatients, COVID-19 mild to moderate	NA	28/7	suggested	suggested 714.0-fold increase in PCR-negative conversion
Spoorthi, 2020		NRa	ivermectin	placebo	COVID 19 hospitalized, COVID-19 mild to moderate	NA	50/50	inconclusive
Spoorthi, 2020		NRa	doxycycline	placebo	COVID 19 hospitalized, COVID-19 mild to moderate	NA	50/50	inconclusive
COVID-19 severe or critically meta-analysis
Cao B, 2020 ChiCTR2000029308		RCT	lopinavir/ritonavir	standard of care	COVID-19 severe or critically	some concern	99/100	suggested	inconclusive 31 % increase in clinical improvement,clinical improvement (time to event analysis only) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias suggested 94 % increase in clinical improvement (14-day) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
CAP-China (Wang et al.), 2020 NCT04257656		RCT	remdesivir	placebo	COVID-19 severe or critically	low	158/79	inconclusive	inconclusive 23 % increase in clinical improvement,clinical improvement (time to event analysis only) (PE) with a high degree of certainty due to low risk of bias
COALITION II (Furtado), 2020 NCT04321278		RCT	azithromycin	hydroxychloroquine	COVID-19 severe or critically	some concern	214/183	inconclusive
HYDRA, 2020 NCT04315896		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	placebo	COVID-19 severe or critically	NA	75/77	inconclusive	inconclusive 1 % decrease in deaths (PE)
Niaee (vs placebo), 2020 IRCT20200408046987N1		RCT	ivermectin	control	COVID-19 severe or critically	high	120/30	suggested	suggested 86 % decrease in deaths but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias
Okumuş, 2020 NCT04646109		RCT	ivermectin	control	COVID-19 severe or critically	NA	30/30	inconclusive
REMAP-CAP-HCQ, 2020 NCT02735707		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID-19 severe or critically	NA	61/81	inconclusive	inconclusive 4 % increase in deaths (PE) REMAP-CAP is a randomised, embedded, multifactorial, adaptive platform trial for community-acquired pneumonia.multi-arm study
Kocayigit H, 2020		OBS	favipiravir	lopinavir/ritonavir	COVID-19 severe or critically	NA	65/42	inconclusive
Camprubi, 2020		OBS	ivermectin	standard of care	COVID-19 severe or critically	NA	13/13	inconclusive
Mahevas, 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID-19 severe or critically	serious	84/97	inconclusive
Yu, 2020		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID-19 severe or critically	critical	48/520	suggested	suggested 68 % decrease in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only) but with a very low degree of certainty due to critical risk of bias

PE: primary endpoint; (a): to be demonstrated a result must be statistically significant on a primary endpoint (with multiplicity adjustment if necessary);
Study risk of bias assessed for the study primary endpoint(s) or the main endpoints in case of no formally defined primary endpoint(s).

Study explorer (study characteristics and results) method abbreviations pdf xlsx

COVID 19 hospitalized meta-analysis

COVID 19 all comers meta-analysis

COVID-19 mild to moderate meta-analysis

COVID-19 severe or critically meta-analysis