Meta-analysis results for all treatments

Treatment relative effect with 95% CI; and degree of certainty (adaptated from GRADE). method

Treament Trials      
Demonstrated or suggested benefit Inconclusive results Uncertain results Safety results
chloroquine and derivatives45noneinconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; deaths (time to event analysis only); clinical deterioration; clinical improvement; clinical improvement (14-day); clinical improvement (28-day); clinical improvement (7-day); clinical improvement (time to event analysis only); death or ventilation; hospital discharge; mechanical ventilation (time to event analysis only); radiologic improvement (14-day); viral clearance ; viral clearance (time to event analysis only); viral clearance by day 14; viral clearance by day 7; ICU admission; off oxygenation; recovery; cardiac arrest; serious adverse events; abnormal ECG findings; adverse events; arrhythmia

suggested 86 % decrease in mechanical ventilation but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 3.3-fold increase in radiologic improvement (7-day) but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias

-
ivermectin21

suggested 67 % increase in clinical improvement

suggested 55 % decrease in mechanical ventilation

inconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; deaths (time to event analysis only); clinical deterioration; clinical improvement (7-day); death or ventilation; hospital discharge; viral clearance ; viral clearance by day 7; ICU admission; recovery; serious adverse events; adverse events

suggested 89 % increase in clinical improvement (time to event analysis only) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 4.1-fold increase in viral clearance (time to event analysis only) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 3.5-fold increase in viral clearance by day 14 but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias

-
favipiravir 19

suggested 65 % increase in clinical improvement

suggested 26 % increase in clinical improvement (14-day)

suggested 62 % increase in clinical improvement (7-day)

inconclusive results for: death D28; death or transfer to ICU; deaths; clinical improvement (28-day); clinical improvement (time to event analysis only); death or ventilation; hospital discharge; hospitalization; mechanical ventilation; radiologic improvement (14-day); viral clearance ; viral clearance (time to event analysis only); viral clearance by day 14; viral clearance by day 7; ICU admission; serious adverse events; adverse events

suggested 94 % decrease in mechanical ventilation (time to event analysis only) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

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remdesivir10

demonstrated 17 % increase in clinical improvement

suggested 50 % increase in clinical improvement (14-day)

suggested 45 % increase in clinical improvement (28-day)

suggested 27 % increase in clinical improvement (7-day)

suggested 33 % decrease in serious adverse events

suggested 42 % decrease in elevated liver enzymes

inconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; deaths (time to event analysis only); clinical deterioration; clinical improvement (time to event analysis only); death or ventilation; mechanical ventilation; recovery; AE leading to drug discontinuation; adverse events; deep vein thrombosis; hyperbilirubinemia; pulmonary embolism; renal impairment

suggested 50 % decrease in serious adverse events (SAE), any but the degree if certainty is unassessable

-
hydroxychloroquine plus macrolides9noneinconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; deaths (time to event analysis only); clinical deterioration; clinical improvement; clinical improvement (14-day); mechanical ventilation; mechanical ventilation (time to event analysis only); ICU admission; serious adverse events; abnormal ECG findings; acute kidney injury ; adverse events; arrhythmia; elevated liver enzymes; long QT; Thromboembolic events

suggested 55 % decrease in death or transfer to ICU but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 2.4-fold increase in clinical improvement (7-day) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 62 % decrease in hospitalization but the degree if certainty is unassessable

statistically significant harm 2.1-fold increase in cardiac arrest with safety concern

azithromycin8noneinconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; deaths (time to event analysis only); clinical deterioration; clinical improvement; clinical improvement (14-day); clinical improvement (28-day); clinical improvement (7-day); death or ventilation; hospital discharge; mechanical ventilation; radiologic improvement (14-day); ICU admission; cardiac arrest; related SAE (TRSAE); serious adverse events; abnormal ECG findings; adverse events; arrhythmia; long QT; renal impairment

suggested 715.0-fold increase in viral clearance but the degree if certainty is unassessable

-
lopinavir/ritonavir8

demonstrated 95 % increase in viral clearance

inconclusive results for: death or transfer to ICU; deaths; deaths (time to event analysis only); clinical deterioration; clinical improvement; clinical improvement (14-day); clinical improvement (28-day); clinical improvement (7-day); clinical improvement (time to event analysis only); death or ventilation; hospital discharge; mechanical ventilation; radiologic improvement (14-day); radiologic improvement (7-day); viral clearance by day 14; viral clearance by day 7; ICU admission; severe COVID-19 occurrence; serious adverse events; adverse events

demonstrated 4.4-fold increase in viral clearance (time to event analysis only) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

-
sofosbuvir and daclatasvir5noneinconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; hospital discharge; mechanical ventilation; ICU admission; recovery; serious adverse events; adverse events

suggested 3.6-fold increase in clinical improvement (14-day) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

-
umifenovir (arbidol)5noneinconclusive results for: deaths; clinical deterioration; hospital discharge; radiologic improvement (14-day); radiologic improvement (7-day); viral clearance ; viral clearance (time to event analysis only); viral clearance by day 14; viral clearance by day 7; severe COVID-19 occurrence--
bromhexine3noneinconclusive results for: deaths; clinical deterioration; clinical improvement (21-day); viral clearance by day 14; recovery; severe adverse events

suggested 10.0-fold increase in hospital discharge but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 82 % decrease in mechanical ventilation but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias

suggested 86 % decrease in ICU admission but the degree if certainty is unassessable

-
nitazoxanide3noneinconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; clinical deterioration; clinical improvement; clinical improvement (7-day); ICU admission--
doxycycline2

suggested 56 % decrease in clinical deterioration

inconclusive results for: deaths; recovery; serious adverse events; adverse events

suggested 89 % increase in clinical improvement but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 93 % increase in clinical improvement (7-day) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 89 % increase in clinical improvement (time to event analysis only) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

-
sofosbuvir2none---
sofosbuvir and ledipasvir2none---
azvudine1noneinconclusive results for: deaths; radiologic improvement (7-day); serious adverse events; adverse events

suggested 28.5-fold increase in viral clearance but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 28.5-fold increase in viral clearance by day 7 but the degree if certainty is unassessable

-
baloxavir marboxil1noneinconclusive results for: deaths; clinical improvement (14-day); clinical improvement (7-day); mechanical ventilation; viral clearance by day 14; viral clearance by day 7; ICU admission; serious adverse events--
darunavir cobicistat1noneinconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; clinical deterioration; mechanical ventilation; viral clearance ; viral clearance (time to event analysis only); viral clearance by day 7--
Emtricitabine/tenofovir plus colchicine plus rosuvastatin1noneinconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; ICU admission

suggested 30 % decrease in mechanical ventilation but the degree if certainty is unassessable

-
Ensitrelvir (XOCOVA)1none---
favipiravir plus interferon1noneinconclusive results for: deaths; ICU admission--
Lopinavir/ritonavir plus hydroxychloroquine1noneinconclusive results for: clinical improvement; clinical improvement (14-day); hospital discharge; serious adverse events

suggested 42 % decrease in deaths but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 42 % decrease in deaths (time to event analysis only) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

-
lopinavir/ritonavir plus interferon ß-1a1none---
lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin and interferon beta-1b1noneinconclusive results for: deaths; serious adverse events

suggested 3.9-fold increase in clinical improvement but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 3.9-fold increase in clinical improvement (time to event analysis only) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

demonstrated 4.4-fold increase in viral clearance but the degree if certainty is unassessable

demonstrated 4.4-fold increase in viral clearance (time to event analysis only) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

-
niclosamide1noneinconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; recovery--
nirmatrelvir / ritonavir (Paxlovid)1noneinconclusive results for: hospitalization--
oseltamivir1none---
tenofovir/emtricitabine1none---
zinc1noneinconclusive results for: deaths; hospital discharge; severe adverse events--
Amantadine0- - - -
ASC09/ritonavir0- - - -
carrimycin0- - - -
danoprevir / ritonavir0- - - -
fluvoxamine0- - - -
Interferon plus lopinavir/ritonavir0- - - -
leronlimab0- - - -
lopinavir / ritonavir plus ribavirin0- - - -
lopinavir/ritonavir plus chloroquine0- - - -
molnupiravir0- - - -
opaganib0- - - -
oseltamivir plus chloroquin0- - - -
ribavirin0- - - -
ritonavir0- - - -
tenofovir/emtricitabine plus hydroxychloroquine0- - - -
tranexamic acid0- - - -
tranilast0- - - -
triazavirin0- - - -