Treatment relative effect with 95% CI; and degree of certainty (adaptated from GRADE). method
Treament | Trials | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demonstrated or suggested benefit | Inconclusive results | Uncertain results | Safety results | |||
chloroquine and derivatives | none | inconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; deaths (time to event analysis only); clinical deterioration; clinical improvement; clinical improvement (14-day); clinical improvement (28-day); clinical improvement (7-day); clinical improvement (time to event analysis only); death or ventilation; hospital discharge; mechanical ventilation (time to event analysis only); radiologic improvement (14-day); viral clearance ; viral clearance (time to event analysis only); viral clearance by day 14; viral clearance by day 7; ICU admission; off oxygenation; recovery; cardiac arrest; serious adverse events; abnormal ECG findings; adverse events; arrhythmia | suggested 86 % decrease in mechanical ventilation but the degree if certainty is unassessable | - | ||
ivermectin | inconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; deaths (time to event analysis only); clinical deterioration; clinical improvement (7-day); death or ventilation; hospital discharge; viral clearance ; viral clearance by day 7; ICU admission; recovery; serious adverse events; adverse events | - | ||||
favipiravir | suggested 65 % increase in clinical improvement | inconclusive results for: death D28; death or transfer to ICU; deaths; clinical improvement (28-day); clinical improvement (time to event analysis only); death or ventilation; hospital discharge; hospitalization; mechanical ventilation; radiologic improvement (14-day); viral clearance ; viral clearance (time to event analysis only); viral clearance by day 14; viral clearance by day 7; ICU admission; serious adverse events; adverse events | - | |||
remdesivir | demonstrated 17 % increase in clinical improvement suggested 50 % increase in clinical improvement (14-day) suggested 45 % increase in clinical improvement (28-day) suggested 27 % increase in clinical improvement (7-day) | inconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; deaths (time to event analysis only); clinical deterioration; clinical improvement (time to event analysis only); death or ventilation; mechanical ventilation; recovery; AE leading to drug discontinuation; adverse events; deep vein thrombosis; hyperbilirubinemia; pulmonary embolism; renal impairment | - | |||
hydroxychloroquine plus macrolides | none | inconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; deaths (time to event analysis only); clinical deterioration; clinical improvement; clinical improvement (14-day); mechanical ventilation; mechanical ventilation (time to event analysis only); ICU admission; serious adverse events; abnormal ECG findings; acute kidney injury ; adverse events; arrhythmia; elevated liver enzymes; long QT; Thromboembolic events | suggested 55 % decrease in death or transfer to ICU but the degree if certainty is unassessable suggested 62 % decrease in hospitalization but the degree if certainty is unassessable | statistically significant harm 2.1-fold increase in cardiac arrest with safety concern | ||
azithromycin | none | inconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; deaths (time to event analysis only); clinical deterioration; clinical improvement; clinical improvement (14-day); clinical improvement (28-day); clinical improvement (7-day); death or ventilation; hospital discharge; mechanical ventilation; radiologic improvement (14-day); ICU admission; cardiac arrest; related SAE (TRSAE); serious adverse events; abnormal ECG findings; adverse events; arrhythmia; long QT; renal impairment | suggested 715.0-fold increase in viral clearance but the degree if certainty is unassessable | - | ||
lopinavir/ritonavir | inconclusive results for: death or transfer to ICU; deaths; deaths (time to event analysis only); clinical deterioration; clinical improvement; clinical improvement (14-day); clinical improvement (28-day); clinical improvement (7-day); clinical improvement (time to event analysis only); death or ventilation; hospital discharge; mechanical ventilation; radiologic improvement (14-day); radiologic improvement (7-day); viral clearance by day 14; viral clearance by day 7; ICU admission; severe COVID-19 occurrence; serious adverse events; adverse events | - | ||||
sofosbuvir and daclatasvir | none | inconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; hospital discharge; mechanical ventilation; ICU admission; recovery; serious adverse events; adverse events | - | |||
umifenovir (arbidol) | none | inconclusive results for: deaths; clinical deterioration; hospital discharge; radiologic improvement (14-day); radiologic improvement (7-day); viral clearance ; viral clearance (time to event analysis only); viral clearance by day 14; viral clearance by day 7; severe COVID-19 occurrence | - | - | ||
bromhexine | none | inconclusive results for: deaths; clinical deterioration; clinical improvement (21-day); viral clearance by day 14; recovery; severe adverse events | suggested 10.0-fold increase in hospital discharge but the degree if certainty is unassessable suggested 86 % decrease in ICU admission but the degree if certainty is unassessable | - | ||
nitazoxanide | none | inconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; clinical deterioration; clinical improvement; clinical improvement (7-day); ICU admission | - | - | ||
doxycycline | inconclusive results for: deaths; recovery; serious adverse events; adverse events | suggested 89 % increase in clinical improvement but the degree if certainty is unassessable suggested 93 % increase in clinical improvement (7-day) but the degree if certainty is unassessable | - | |||
sofosbuvir | none | - | - | - | ||
sofosbuvir and ledipasvir | none | - | - | - | ||
azvudine | none | inconclusive results for: deaths; radiologic improvement (7-day); serious adverse events; adverse events | suggested 28.5-fold increase in viral clearance but the degree if certainty is unassessable suggested 28.5-fold increase in viral clearance by day 7 but the degree if certainty is unassessable | - | ||
baloxavir marboxil | none | inconclusive results for: deaths; clinical improvement (14-day); clinical improvement (7-day); mechanical ventilation; viral clearance by day 14; viral clearance by day 7; ICU admission; serious adverse events | - | - | ||
darunavir cobicistat | none | inconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; clinical deterioration; mechanical ventilation; viral clearance ; viral clearance (time to event analysis only); viral clearance by day 7 | - | - | ||
Emtricitabine/tenofovir plus colchicine plus rosuvastatin | none | inconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; ICU admission | suggested 30 % decrease in mechanical ventilation but the degree if certainty is unassessable | - | ||
Ensitrelvir (XOCOVA) | none | - | - | - | ||
favipiravir plus interferon | none | inconclusive results for: deaths; ICU admission | - | - | ||
Lopinavir/ritonavir plus hydroxychloroquine | none | inconclusive results for: clinical improvement; clinical improvement (14-day); hospital discharge; serious adverse events | suggested 42 % decrease in deaths but the degree if certainty is unassessable | - | ||
lopinavir/ritonavir plus interferon ß-1a | none | - | - | - | ||
lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin and interferon beta-1b | none | inconclusive results for: deaths; serious adverse events | suggested 3.9-fold increase in clinical improvement but the degree if certainty is unassessable demonstrated 4.4-fold increase in viral clearance but the degree if certainty is unassessable | - | ||
niclosamide | none | inconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; recovery | - | - | ||
nirmatrelvir / ritonavir (Paxlovid) | none | inconclusive results for: hospitalization | - | - | ||
oseltamivir | none | - | - | - | ||
tenofovir/emtricitabine | none | - | - | - | ||
zinc | none | inconclusive results for: deaths; hospital discharge; severe adverse events | - | - | ||
Amantadine | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
ASC09/ritonavir | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
carrimycin | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
danoprevir / ritonavir | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
fluvoxamine | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
Interferon plus lopinavir/ritonavir | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
leronlimab | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
lopinavir / ritonavir plus ribavirin | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
lopinavir/ritonavir plus chloroquine | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
molnupiravir | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
opaganib | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
oseltamivir plus chloroquin | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
ribavirin | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
ritonavir | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
tenofovir/emtricitabine plus hydroxychloroquine | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
tranexamic acid | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
tranilast | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
triazavirin | 0 | - | - | - | - |