Meta-analysis results for all treatments

Treatment relative effect with 95% CI; and degree of certainty (adaptated from GRADE). method

Treament Trials      
Demonstrated or suggested benefit Inconclusive results Uncertain results Safety results
ivermectin15

suggested 63 % decrease in deaths

suggested 72 % increase in clinical improvement

inconclusive results for: death D28; clinical deterioration; clinical improvement (7-day); hospital discharge; mechanical ventilation; viral clearance ; viral clearance by day 7; ICU admission; recovery; serious adverse events; adverse events

suggested 89 % increase in clinical improvement (time to event analysis only) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 4.1-fold increase in viral clearance (time to event analysis only) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 3.5-fold increase in viral clearance by day 14 but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias

-
favipiravir 10

suggested 66 % increase in clinical improvement

suggested 62 % increase in clinical improvement (7-day)

inconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; clinical improvement (14-day); clinical improvement (28-day); clinical improvement (time to event analysis only); hospital discharge; hospitalization; mechanical ventilation; viral clearance ; viral clearance (time to event analysis only); viral clearance by day 14; viral clearance by day 7; ICU admission; serious adverse events; adverse events

suggested 94 % decrease in mechanical ventilation (time to event analysis only) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

-
chloroquine and derivatives8noneinconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; clinical deterioration; clinical improvement; clinical improvement (14-day); clinical improvement (time to event analysis only); hospital discharge; viral clearance ; viral clearance (time to event analysis only); ICU admission; recovery; adverse events

suggested 3.4-fold increase in radiologic improvement (7-day) but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias

-
azithromycin3noneinconclusive results for: deaths; clinical improvement; clinical improvement (14-day); clinical improvement (7-day); mechanical ventilation; radiologic improvement (14-day); serious adverse events; adverse events; renal impairment

suggested 715.0-fold increase in viral clearance but the degree if certainty is unassessable

-
nitazoxanide3noneinconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; clinical deterioration; clinical improvement; clinical improvement (7-day); ICU admission--
remdesivir3

demonstrated 12 % increase in clinical improvement

suggested 56 % increase in clinical improvement (14-day)

suggested 81 % increase in clinical improvement (28-day)

suggested 27 % increase in clinical improvement (7-day)

suggested 47 % decrease in serious adverse events

inconclusive results for: death D28; deaths; deaths (time to event analysis only); clinical improvement (time to event analysis only); mechanical ventilation; recovery; adverse events

suggested 50 % decrease in serious adverse events (SAE), any but the degree if certainty is unassessable

-
umifenovir (arbidol)2noneinconclusive results for: clinical deterioration; radiologic improvement (14-day); radiologic improvement (7-day); viral clearance ; viral clearance by day 14; viral clearance by day 7; severe COVID-19 occurrence--
azvudine1noneinconclusive results for: deaths; radiologic improvement (7-day); serious adverse events; adverse events

suggested 28.5-fold increase in viral clearance but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 28.5-fold increase in viral clearance by day 7 but the degree if certainty is unassessable

-
bromhexine1noneinconclusive results for: clinical deterioration; clinical improvement (21-day); mechanical ventilation; viral clearance by day 14; recovery

suggested 10.0-fold increase in hospital discharge but the degree if certainty is unassessable

-
doxycycline1noneinconclusive results for: deaths; recovery; serious adverse events; adverse events

suggested 56 % decrease in clinical deterioration but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 89 % increase in clinical improvement but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 93 % increase in clinical improvement (7-day) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 89 % increase in clinical improvement (time to event analysis only) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

-
Ensitrelvir (XOCOVA)1none---
favipiravir plus interferon1noneinconclusive results for: deaths; ICU admission--
hydroxychloroquine plus macrolides1noneinconclusive results for: deaths; deaths (time to event analysis only); clinical deterioration; clinical improvement; clinical improvement (14-day); mechanical ventilation; serious adverse events; acute kidney injury ; adverse events; arrhythmia; elevated liver enzymes; long QT; Thromboembolic events--
lopinavir/ritonavir1

demonstrated 3.2-fold increase in viral clearance

inconclusive results for: deaths; clinical deterioration; clinical improvement (time to event analysis only); mechanical ventilation; radiologic improvement (14-day); radiologic improvement (7-day); viral clearance by day 14; viral clearance by day 7; ICU admission; severe COVID-19 occurrence; serious adverse events

suggested 3.9-fold increase in clinical improvement but the degree if certainty is unassessable

demonstrated 4.4-fold increase in viral clearance (time to event analysis only) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

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lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin and interferon beta-1b1noneinconclusive results for: deaths; serious adverse events

suggested 3.9-fold increase in clinical improvement but the degree if certainty is unassessable

suggested 3.9-fold increase in clinical improvement (time to event analysis only) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

demonstrated 4.4-fold increase in viral clearance but the degree if certainty is unassessable

demonstrated 4.4-fold increase in viral clearance (time to event analysis only) but the degree if certainty is unassessable

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sofosbuvir and ledipasvir1none---
Amantadine0- - - -
ASC09/ritonavir0- - - -
baloxavir marboxil0- - - -
carrimycin0- - - -
danoprevir / ritonavir0- - - -
darunavir cobicistat0- - - -
Emtricitabine/tenofovir plus colchicine plus rosuvastatin0- - - -
fluvoxamine0- - - -
Interferon plus lopinavir/ritonavir0- - - -
leronlimab0- - - -
lopinavir / ritonavir plus ribavirin0- - - -
lopinavir/ritonavir plus chloroquine0- - - -
Lopinavir/ritonavir plus hydroxychloroquine0- - - -
lopinavir/ritonavir plus interferon ß-1a0- - - -
molnupiravir0- - - -
niclosamide0- - - -
nirmatrelvir / ritonavir (Paxlovid)0- - - -
opaganib0- - - -
oseltamivir0- - - -
oseltamivir plus chloroquin0- - - -
ribavirin0- - - -
ritonavir0- - - -
sofosbuvir0- - - -
sofosbuvir and daclatasvir0- - - -
tenofovir/emtricitabine0- - - -
tenofovir/emtricitabine plus hydroxychloroquine0- - - -
tranexamic acid0- - - -
tranilast0- - - -
triazavirin0- - - -
zinc0- - - -