chloroquine and derivatives for COVID-19: living meta-analysis of clinical studies

Study explorer (study characteristics and results) method abbreviations pdf xlsx

display ongoing studies
Study	Ref.	Design	studied treatment	control treatment	patients	study risk of bias	sample sizes	Results
COVID 19 hospitalized meta-analysis
Abd-Elsalam NCT04353336		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	97/97	inconclusive
ARCHAIC -hydroxychloroquine NL8490		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	9/6	inconclusive
CCAP-1 NCT04345289		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	-/-	inconclusive
Chen NCT04384380		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	21/12	inconclusive
Duke university HCQ NCT04335552		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	4/2	inconclusive	discontinued, found in Axfors et al. meta-analysis
Duke University hydroxychloroquine/azithromycine NCT04335552		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	2/3	inconclusive
Gonzalez (HCQ) NCT04391127		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	placebo	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	33/37	inconclusive
HAHPS NCT04329832		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	azithromycin	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	42/43	inconclusive	inconclusive 7 % increase in clinical deterioration (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Huang ChiCTR2000029542		RCT	chloroquine	lopinavir/ritonavir	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	10/12	suggested	suggested 100 % increase in hospital discharge with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
HYCOVID NCT04325893		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	placebo	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	124/123	inconclusive	inconclusive 12 % increase in death or ventilation (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
NO COVID-19 (Lyngbakken) NCT04316377		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	27/26	inconclusive
OAHU-COVID19 NCT04345692		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	10/6	inconclusive
ORCHID NCT04332991		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	placebo	COVID 19 hospitalized	low	242/237	inconclusive	inconclusive 2 % increase in clinical improvement,clinical improvement (14-day) (PE) with a high degree of certainty due to low risk of bias
PROTECT A NCT04338698		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	62/63	inconclusive
PROTECT B NCT04338698		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	NA	-/-	inconclusive
RECOVERY NCT04381936		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	1561/3155	safety concern	inconclusive 9 % increase in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only),death D28 (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias statistically significant 14 % increase in death or ventilation with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
SOLIDARITY (WHO study) HCQ NCT04315948		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	947/906	inconclusive	inconclusive 19 % increase in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only),death D28 (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Tang ChiCTR2000029868		RCT	chloroquine and derivatives	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	high	75/75	inconclusive
Tang ChiCTR2000029868		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	high	75/75	safety concern	statistically significant 3.5-fold increase in adverse events but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias
TEACH NCT04369742		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	placebo	COVID 19 hospitalized	some concern	67/61	inconclusive	inconclusive 80 % increase in clinical deterioration (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias inconclusive 16 % increase in adverse events (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Arshad (HCQ)		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	1202/409	suggested	suggested 66 % decrease in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only) but with a very low degree of certainty due to critical risk of bias
Belgian Collaborative Group on COVID-19		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	serious	4542/3533	suggested	suggested 32 % decrease in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only) but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias
Chen_chloroquine		OBS	chloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	17/121	inconclusive
Geleris		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	serious	811/565	inconclusive
Huang		OBS	chloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	197/176	suggested	suggested 5.1-fold increase in viral clearance by day 14 but with a very low degree of certainty due to critical risk of bias
Magagnoli (HC)		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	serious	97/158	safety concern	safety concern with statistically significant 1.6-fold increase in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only)
Novales		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	123/43	suggested	suggested 93 % decrease in deaths but with a very low degree of certainty due to critical risk of bias
Paccoud		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 hospitalized	serious	38/46	inconclusive
Rosenberg		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	serious	-/-	safety concern	safety concern with 91 % increase in cardiac arrest (not statistically significant)
Sbidian (HCQ alone)		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	623/3792	safety concern	statistically significant 25 % increase in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only),death D28 but with a very low degree of certainty due to critical risk of bias
Singh		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 hospitalized	critical	-/-	inconclusive
COVID 19 all comers meta-analysis
Chen, ChiCTR2000030054 - Chloroquine ChiCTR2000030054		RCT	chloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 all comers	high	18/12	inconclusive
ChiCTR2000030054-HCQ (Chen) ChiCTR2000030054		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID 19 all comers	high	18/12	inconclusive
Gautret et al.		NRa	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID 19 all comers	serious	20/16	uncontrolled	[uncontrolled] virological cure (negative nasopharyngeal PCR): 70.0% (14/20) a viral load reduction/disappearance is claimed but the numerous methological limits preclude any strong conclusion
COVID-19 mild to moderate meta-analysis
FACCT Trial NCT04392973		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	125/129	inconclusive	inconclusive 15 % decrease in clinical improvement (time to event analysis only) (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
Coalition Covid-19 Brazil I (Cavalcanti)-Hydroxychloroquine NCT04322123		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	some concern	221/227	safety concern	statistically significant 74 % increase in adverse events with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
HC-nCoV (Shanghai) NCT04261517		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	high	15/15	inconclusive
Kamran NCT04491994		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	high	360/180	inconclusive	inconclusive 5 % decrease in clinical deterioration (PE) but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias
NCT04333654 NCT04333654		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	NA	-/-	inconclusive
NCT04342650 NCT04342650		RCT	chloroquine	placebo	COVID-19 mild to moderate	NA	-/-	inconclusive
Zhaowei Chen ChiCTR2000029559		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID-19 mild to moderate	high	31/31	inconclusive
Zhaowei Chen ChiCTR2000029559		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID-19 mild to moderate	high	31/31	suggested	suggested 2.4-fold increase in radiologic improvement (7-day) but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias suggested 2.4-fold increase in radiologic improvement (7-day) but with a low degree of certainty due to high risk of bias
Min		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID-19 mild to moderate	NA	20/20	inconclusive
COVID-19 severe or critically meta-analysis
HYDRA (Hernandez-Cardenas) NCT04315896		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	placebo	COVID-19 severe or critically	some concern	106/108	inconclusive	inconclusive 20 % decrease in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only),death D28 (PE) with a moderate degree of certainty due to some concern in risk of bias
REMAP-CAP-HCQ NCT02735707		RCT	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID-19 severe or critically	NA	61/81	inconclusive	inconclusive 4 % increase in deaths (PE) REMAP-CAP is a randomised, embedded, multifactorial, adaptive platform trial for community-acquired pneumonia.multi-arm study
Mahevas		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	standard of care	COVID-19 severe or critically	serious	84/97	inconclusive
Yu		OBS	hydroxychloroquine	control	COVID-19 severe or critically	critical	48/520	suggested	suggested 68 % decrease in deaths,deaths (time to event analysis only) but with a very low degree of certainty due to critical risk of bias

PE: primary endpoint; (a): to be demonstrated a result must be statistically significant on a primary endpoint (with multiplicity adjustment if necessary);
Study risk of bias assessed for the study primary endpoint(s) or the main endpoints in case of no formally defined primary endpoint(s).

Study explorer (study characteristics and results) method abbreviations pdf xlsx

COVID 19 hospitalized meta-analysis

COVID 19 all comers meta-analysis

COVID-19 mild to moderate meta-analysis

COVID-19 severe or critically meta-analysis